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A Basic Glossary of Iron Ore Mining and Exploration Terms
The information we post on Northland's website and in our pr announcements regularly uses technical mining terms which can be confusing to non-technical shareholders. Listed here are some brief definitions of a number of the more common terms you may see in our written materials.
Assay
A chemical test performed on the rock sample to discover the amount --or grade- of valuable metal contained.
Blast Furnace
A shaft furnace in which solid fuel (coke) is burned having an air blast to smelt ore in the continuous operation.
Bulk sample
A large sample of mineralized rock, frequently a huge selection of tonnes, selected in this manner they can be representative of the potential orebody being sampled. Used to determine metallurgical characteristics with an industrial scale.
Coke
Coke can be a solid carbon fuel and carbon source used to melt and lower iron ore

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Cokemaking
The processes used to make coke. The process begins with pulverized, bituminous coal. The coal is fed in to a coke oven which is sealed and heated to quite high temperatures for 14 to 36 hours. After completion, the coke is moved to quenching towers and stored until it's needed.
Concentrate
A fine product separated inside the milling process that has a large part of valuable metal
Concentrator
A process where iron ore is upgraded with a higher iron content.
Crushing
The procedure for breaking up large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel or rock dust. Crushing is central to the part of the mining, reducing run-of-mine ore to a size which can be easily transported or processed.
Cupola Furnace
Cupola furnaces are tall, cylindrical furnaces utilized to melt iron and ferro alloys in foundry operations. Alternating layers of metal and ferro alloys, coke, and limestone are fed to the furnace from the top.
Cut-Off Grade
The grade or concentration of metallic minerals below which the material is considered to be uneconomical to mine and process. A cut-off grade of 20% Fe signifies that any material containing lower than 20% iron will be uneconomical to mine. In the event the average mine grade drops below the cut off grade, the mine will operate baffled.
Dilution
Mixing of ore grade material with non-ore grade waste within the mining process. Dilution reduces the overall grade with the ore.
Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI)
Produced from your direct reduction of iron ore (in kind of lumps, pellets or fines) by way of a reducing gas produced from propane or coal. Direct-reduced iron is richer in iron than pig iron, typically 90-94% total iron, as opposed to about 93% for molten pig iron, plus an excellent feedstock for the electric furnaces employed by mini mills, allowing them to use lower grades of scrap for the rest of the charge.

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Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs)
Electric arc furnaces tend to be used in large steel foundries and steel mills. The metal is charged in to the furnace, with additives to produce recovery of slag easier, as well as heat to melt the metal is produced with an electric arc from three carbon or granite electrodes. Frequently mills producing steel with EAF technology are classified as mini-mills.
Energy Optimizing Furnace (EOF)
EOF was developed to exchange the electrical arc as well as other steelmaking furnaces. The EOF is definitely an oxygen steelmaking process. Carbon and oxygen react to preheat scrap metal, hot metal and/or pig iron.
Environmental baseline studies
The environmental monitoring work completed before a production decision is taken on a mining project, examining the present state with the environment and the potential effects that proposed mining activities could have around the natural surroundings. The studies will include ground water (lakes, streams, rivers etc), wildlife (animals and plants), potential noise levels from construction and mining operations, potential impacts from on-going mining operations such as dust and vibration levels etc.
Feasibility Study (Bankable Feasibility Study)
A detailed engineering study which defines the technical, economic, social and legal viability of your mining project with a high degree of reliability, identifying and quantifying any risks and providing sufficient information to determine get the job done project should be advanced for the final engineering and construction stage. A bankable feasibility study forms the basis on which banks as well as other lenders give you the capital necessary to build the mine(s).
Fines
Material that passes via a standard screen where coarser fragments are retained.

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Flotation
A concentration process where valuable mineral particles are induced to attached themselves to bubbles and float out of the waste particles in the solid/solution pulp. Specific chemicals are put into either float (foam off) particular minerals in order to depress the flotation of other minerals. Several stages of processing are usually associated with rough bulk flotation products being exposed to additional flotation steps to improve product purity.
Gangue
The worthless minerals in an ore deposit.
Grade
The metal content of ore measured in grams per tonne or percent. For example, a grade of 40% iron implies 400kg of contained iron for every 1,000kg of ore.
Hematite
The mineral form of Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of many iron oxides.
Induction Furnaces
Induction furnaces will be the most favored type of furnace for melting iron and therefore are more popular then ever for melting non-ferrous metals (USEPA, 1992). They are popular because they provide excellent metallurgical control and therefore are relatively pollution free.
Ironmaking
During ironmaking, iron ore, coke, hot air and limestone or other fluxes are fed right into a blast furnace to make molten iron which is free from impurities.
Iron Ore
Rocks or deposits containing compounds that iron can be produced.
Magnetic Separation
A process when a magnetically susceptible mineral is separated from waste or undesirable minerals by applying a powerful magnetic field; ores of iron are normally treated in this way.
Magnetite
Fe₃O₄, Iron Oxide - a dense metallic grey ore mineral of iron.
Metallurgy
The study and practice of removing valuable metals from an ore and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form.
Mill
A processing plant which crushes and treats ore with regards to upgrading the mineral content right into a higher grade product known as a concentrate, in order to produce metal.
Mineralogy
The study of the chemistry and physical properties of ore and gangue minerals within vitamins.
Mineral Resource
a concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or around the Earth's crust in such form and quantity as well as this kind of grade or quality it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The place, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of your Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and data.
Mineral Reserve
the economically mineable a part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by a minimum of a preliminary feasibility study. These studies must include adequate info on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic along with other relevant factors that report, during reporting, that economic extraction could be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that could occur once the material is mined.
Mini-Mills
Steel production plants that depend on steel scrap being a base material rather than ore. Products do not have the tight chemical composition of integrated plants and have narrower product lines.
Net Smelter Return (NSR)
A royalty payment made by a producer of metals depending on gross metal production from the property, less deduction of certain limited costs including smelting, refining, transportation and insurance fees.
NI 43-101 (National Instrument 43-101)
A pair of reporting and disclosure standards imposed by regulators on Canadian listed mining and exploration companies that govern how issuers report scientific and technical details about their mineral projects to the public around the globe. It covers oral statements in addition to written documents and websites, and it necessitates that all disclosure be based on advice with a "qualified person".
Ore
A combination of valuable minerals and gangue minerals that at least one of the minerals could be extracted at a profit.
Overburden
The alluvium and rock that must be removed so that you can expose an ore deposit.
Pellet
A small, round, marble-sized ball of iron ore manufactured as feed for blast furnaces.
Pelletizing
The process where iron ore is crushed, ground right into a powder, rolled into balls and fired in the furnace to produce strong, marble-sized pellets that contain 60% to 65% iron. Raw iron ore pellets are generally manufactured within certain size categories along with mechanical properties high enough to keep up usefulness through the stresses of transference, transport, and employ. Both mechanical force and thermal processes are used to produce the correct pellet properties.
Pig Iron
the intermediate product of smelting steel ore with coke and resin. Pig iron features a high carbon content, typically 3.5 - 4.5%, rendering it very brittle rather than useful directly as a material aside from limited applications. Pig iron is usually poured directly from the bottom of the blast furnace by way of a trough in to a ladle car for transfer to the steel plant in liquid form, called hot metal.
Pre-feasibility study
A preliminary assessment with the Economic Viability of your deposit which forms the foundation for justifying the culmination of the higher priced Feasibility Study. A pre-feasibility study summarizes all geological, engineering, environmental, legal and economic information accumulated up to now about the project. The Prefeasibility Study needs to have error limits of ?¨¤ 25%.
Qualified Person (QP)
A qualified person (QP) is defined in NI43-101 as a possible individual who is definitely an engineer or geoscientist with at least 5 years of expertise in mineral exploration, mine development or operation or mineral project assessment, or any mix of these; practical knowledge relevant to the topic a few the mineral project and also the technical report; and is also a part up to date of the professional association. The QP must warrant the precision and completeness of the company's technical reports and public disclosures for example press releases or presentations and retains professional responsibility for your valuables in the report.
Resource calculation
The mathematical or statistical technique of calculating or estimating how much material in a mineral deposit, using drill hole information in combination with many different geological data. Resources are usually quoted with regards to tonnes of rock present which contain a nominated grade of metal(s) e.g. 98-million tonnes at 43% iron.
Scoping Study
The first amount of engineering study which is performed over a mineral deposit to ascertain its economic viability. Normally, this is performed to determine whether the expense of a full pre-feasibility study and then full feasibility study is warranted. Scoping studies might be completed internally through the Company or by independent engineers.
Sinter
Pieces or granules of fused iron ore.
Sintering
Manufacturing process by which sinter is produced from fine raw iron ore, small coke, sand-sized limestone and numerous other steel plant spend that contain some iron. These fine materials are proportioned to obtain a desired product chemistry then mixed together. This raw material mix is then positioned on a sintering strand, which is much like a steel conveyor belt, where it really is ignited by gas fired furnace and fused by the heat from the coke fines into larger size pieces which can be from 0.5 to 2.0 inches.
Slag
Impurities within the iron ore which were captured by limestone or other fluxes.
Steel
Steel is surely an alloy of iron usually containing less than 1% carbon that is utilized most regularly inside the automotive and construction industries or is cast into bars, strips, sheets, nails, spikes, wire, rods or pipes when needed from the intended user.
Strip Ratio
The ratio of a great deal of overburden waste to tons of ore within an open pit mine.
Tailings
Crushed or finely ground waste rock from which valuable minerals or metals happen to be extracted.
Thermal processing
To confer to iron ore pellets high resistance metallurgic mechanics and appropriate characteristics, the pellets are put through thermal processing, which involves stages of drying, daily pay burn, burn, after-burn and cooling (inside a cooling tower). The amount of each stage as well as the temperature how the pellets are subjected to use a strong influence on the ultimate product quality.
Waste
Barren rock or mineralized material that is too low in grade being economically processed.